http://www.aisjca-mft.org/adhd.htm

  1. valuable
  2. structured and normed information to further support
  3. conclusions,</i> <i>diagnoses, and
  4. treatment decisions when the parent, teacher, and
  5. self-report</i> <i>scales are
  6. combined</i></font> </font></li>
  7.                     </ul>
  8.                     <font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><i>Key
  9. Features</i> <br>
  10.                     <i>Based on the
  11. original <span style="font-weight: bold;">Conners&#8217;
  12. Rating Scales</span>, the CRS-R has many advantages, including:</i> <br>
  13.                     </font> </font></blockquote>
  14.                   <ul>
  15.                     <li><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><i>A
  16. large normative database
  17. to help
  18. support the
  19. instrument&#8217;s reliability
  20. and validity&nbsp;</i></font> </font></li>
  21.                     <li><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><i>Multidimensional
  22. scales that
  23. help
  24. assess <span style="font-weight: bold;">ADHD</span>
  25. and comorbid disorders
  26. with
  27. links to</i></font> </font></li>
  28.                     <li><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">DSM-IV</span><i>
  29. diagnostic categories</i></font> </font></li>
  30.                     <li><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><i>Teacher,
  31. parent, and
  32. self-report
  33. scales in long
  34. and short formats</i></font> </font></li>
  35.                     <li><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><i>Applicability
  36. to managed
  37. care
  38. situations through
  39. the quantification and</i> <i>measurement of a variety of
  40. behavior
  41. problems.</i></font></font></li>
  42.                   </ul>
  43.                   <font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond">To
  44. order a
  45. specific
  46. assessment or
  47. talk with a client
  48. relations representative: <br>
  49. Call 1-800-627-7271, ext. 3225 or 952-681-3225 Fax: 1-800-632-9011 or
  50. 952-681-3299 <br>
  51. E-Mail: </font><b style="font-style: italic;"><font face="Garamond"><br>
  52.                   </font> </b> </font>
  53.                   <h3><a name="contradicted_clinical_research"></a>Initially
  54. Stronger Effects
  55. in Highly Cited Clinical Research</h3>
  56.                   <table style="background-color: rgb(230, 233, 255); width: 650px; text-align: left;" border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
  57.                     <tbody>
  58.                       <tr style="font-style: italic;">
  59.                         <td style="vertical-align: top;"><nobr><font face="Garamond">John
  60. P. A.
  61. Ioannidis, MD</font></nobr><font face="Garamond">&nbsp; <a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/2/218" style="font-weight: bold;">JAMA 2005;294:218-228</a>.<br style="font-family: garamond;">
  62.                         </font>
  63.                         <div style="background-color: rgb(230, 233, 255);">
  64.                         <div align="justify"><font face="Garamond"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Context<br>
  65.                         </span>Controversy and
  66. uncertainty ensue when the results
  67. of clinical research on the effectiveness of interventions are
  68. subsequently contradicted. Controversies are most prominent when
  69. high-impact research is involved.</font><br style="font-family: garamond;">
  70.                         <font face="Garamond"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Objectives</span>&nbsp;
  71. To
  72. understand how
  73. frequently highly cited studies are contradicted or find effects that
  74. are stronger than in other similar studies and to discern whether
  75. specific characteristics are associated with such refutation over time.
  76.                        </font><br>
  77.                         <font face="Garamond"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Design</span>&nbsp;
  78. All original clinical research studies published in 3 major
  79. general clinical journals or high-impact-factor specialty journals
  80. in 1990-2003 and cited more than 1000 times in the literature
  81. were examined.</font><br style="font-family: garamond;">
  82.                         <font face="Garamond"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Main
  83. Outcome
  84. Measure</span>&nbsp; The results of highly cited articles
  85. were
  86. compared against subsequent studies of
  87. comparable or larger sample size and similar or better
  88. controlled designs. The same analysis was also performed
  89. comparatively for matched studies that were not so highly
  90. cited.</font><br style="font-family: garamond;">
  91.                         <font face="Garamond"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Results</span>
  92. Of 49 highly cited original
  93. clinical research studies,
  94. 45 claimed that the intervention was effective. Of these, 7
  95. (16%) were contradicted by subsequent studies, 7 others (16%)
  96. had found effects that were stronger than those of subsequent studies,
  97. 20 (44%) were replicated, and 11 (24%) remained largely unchallenged.
  98. Five of 6 highly-cited nonrandomized studies had been
  99. contradicted or had found stronger effects vs 9 of 39 randomized
  100. controlled
  101. trials (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.008). Among randomized trials, studies
  102. with contradicted or stronger effects were smaller
  103. (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.009)
  104. than replicated or unchallenged studies although
  105. there was no statistically significant difference in their
  106. early or overall citation impact. Matched control studies
  107. did not have a significantly different share of refuted
  108. results than highly cited studies, but they included more
  109. studies with "negative" results.</font><br style="font-family: garamond;">
  110.                         </div>
  111.                         <font face="Garamond"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Conclusions</span>&nbsp;
  112. Contradiction and initially stronger effects are not
  113. unusual in highly cited research of clinical
  114. interventions and their outcomes. The extent to which high
  115. citations may provoke contradictions and vice versa needs
  116. more study. Controversies are most common with highly cited
  117. nonrandomized studies, but even the most highly cited
  118. randomized trials may be challenged and refuted over time,
  119. especially small ones.<br>
  120.                         </font>
  121.                         <div style="text-align: right;"><font style="font-style: italic;" face="Garamond"><b>Author
  122. Affiliations:</b> <a href="http://www.dhe.med.uoi.gr/index.php" style="font-weight: bold;">Department of Hygiene and
  123. Epidemiology,
  124. University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece</a>,
  125. and
  126. the <a href="http://inside.tufts.edu/announce/index.php?t=id&amp;id=70" style="font-weight: bold;">Institute for Clinical Research
  127. and Health
  128. Policy Studies, Department
  129. of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass</a>.</font><font style="font-family: garamond;" color="#033660" face="Garamond"><strong><span style="font-style: italic;">&nbsp;
  130. RELATED ARTICLES IN YAMA<br>
  131.                         </span></strong></font></div>
  132.                         </div>
  133.                         </td>
  134.                       </tr>
  135.                     </tbody>
  136.                   </table>
  137.                   <div style="margin-left: 40px;"><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><span name="pmid_green_17671282" id="pmid_green_17671282"><br>
  138. Am
  139. J Psychiatry.
  140. 2007 Aug ;164 (8):1198-205 17671282</span><br>
  141.                   </font> </font>
  142.                   <div style="text-align: center;"><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671282" class="css_title" title="Show full info about paper" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><span name="pmid_17671282" id="pmid_17671282">Spillover
  143. Effects on Treatment of Adult Depression in Primary Care After FDA
  144. Advisory on Risk of Pediatric Suicidality With SSRIs</span></a><br>
  145.                   </font> </font></div>
  146.                   <div align="justify"><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><span name="pmid_17671282" id="pmid_17671282"><span style="font-style: italic;">OBJECTIVE:
  147. In
  148. 2003, the U.S.
  149. Food and Drug
  150. Administration (FDA) issued
  151. a public health advisory about the risk of suicidality in pediatric
  152. patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for
  153. depression, and in 2005, the agency mandated a black box warning and
  154. medication guide indicating that pediatric and adult patients may be at
  155. risk. The authors examine the effects of this pediatric policy on
  156. treatment of adult depression in the community. METHOD: An adult cohort
  157. with newly diagnosed episodes of depression was created from a large
  158. national integrated claims database of managed care plans from October
  159. 1998 to September 2005 (N=475,838 unique episodes). Time-series
  160. analyses were used to compare the post-FDA advisory trends to the
  161. trends during the 5 years preceding the advisory. RESULTS: The rate of
  162. diagnosed depression was significantly lower after the advisory than
  163. would have been expected on the basis of the preadvisory historical
  164. trend. The average percentage of adults with new (versus recurrent)
  165. depressive episodes was 88.6% in the preadvisory period (declining at
  166. an annual rate of 1.69%), and it decreased significantly to 77.5%
  167. (declining more rapidly, at an annual rate of 7.70%). The percentage of
  168. adults with depression who did not receive an antidepressant increased
  169. from an average of 20% (declining at 0.45% annually) before the policy
  170. action to an average of 30% (increasing at an annual rate of 20.6%).
  171. The data did not show any compensatory increases in psychotherapy or
  172. prescription of atypical antipsychotics or anxiolytics.</span></span></font></font><br>
  173.                   <font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><span name="pmid_17671282" id="pmid_17671282"><span style="font-style: italic;">CONCLUSIONS:
  174. The FDA advisory had a significant spillover effect into community
  175. treatment for adults with depression, despite the focus of the policy
  176. on pediatric patients.<a href="http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/pharmacy/Departments/ClinicalPharmacy/DOCPFaculty/Pages/ValuckRobertPhD.aspx">Robert
  177. J Valuck</a>, http:=//www.psychiatrictimes.com/&gt;Ross
  178. J. Baldessarini</span></span></font><br>
  179.                   </font></div>
  180.                   <h3><font face="Garamond"><a name="handsoffthechildren"></a><font face="Garamond">Hands
  181. off the children<br>
  182.                   </font></font></h3>
  183.                   <font face="Garamond"> </font>
  184.                   <div align="justify"><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond">Banal,
  185. hasty,
  186. shallow
  187. socio-behavioral diagnosis and therapy? With obtuse sets of questions
  188. to enroll definitively children on a psychiatric list? or - sometime
  189. even worse - to disregard to consider and care somatic illnesses?</font><br>
  190.                   <font face="Garamond">How
  191. seriously
  192. has to be treated body and its diseases? How
  193. socio-behavioral hasty and shallow pseudo-results can misinterpret
  194. physical symptoms: <a href="/testim.htm" style="font-weight: bold;">at first the ones</a> often
  195. so easily
  196. sharing not only past ill-treatments but injuries happening also at
  197. present - as "simple" lesions from hits or accidents or <a href="/belgio.htm" style="font-weight: bold;">from
  198. sexual abuse</a>? How to ignore that there are also true, even
  199. potentially dangerous, illnesses which main signs give back on
  200. movements and then apparently on behavior?</font></font><br>
  201.                   </div>
  202.                   <font face="Garamond"> <font face="Garamond"> <a href="http://www.handsoffthechildren.org/"><img src="glm.jpg" title="" alt="giulemanidibambini ©" style="border: 0px solid ; width: 154px; height: 183px;" align="left" hspace="5" vspace="10"></a><br>
  203.                   <br>
  204.                   <br>
  205.                   <a href="http://www.handsoffthechildren.org/"><img src="giulemanidaibambini.jpg" alt="giulemanidaibmbini" style="border: 0px solid ; width: 234px; height: 60px;" hspace="10" vspace="10"></a><br>
  206.                   <font face="Garamond">Go to the English
  207. pages of <a href="http://www.handsoffthechildren.org/" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">http://www.handsoffthechildren.org</a>
  208.                   </font><br>
  209.                   <br>
  210.                   <br>
  211.                   </font> </font>
  212.                   <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"><b>1: </b><span title="Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiatriai Tarsasag tudomanyos folyoirata"><a href="javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Psychiatr Hung.');"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Psychiatr Hung</span>.</a></span>
  213. 2005;20(4):293-8.<br>
  214.                   </font> <font face="Garamond" size="+1"><b>[<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16462006&amp;query_hl=1&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum" style="font-style: italic;">Comorbidity in child psychiatry:
  215. is the
  216. comorbidity of pediatric mania and ADHD really that high?</a>]</b></font><font face="Garamond">[Article
  217. in Hungarian] <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Search&amp;itool=pubmed_Abstract&amp;term=%22Balazs+J%22%5BAuthor%5D" style="font-weight: bold;">Balazs J</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16462006&amp;query_hl=1&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum" style="font-weight: bold;">Gadoros</a> style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; .<br>
  218.                   <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">J.Vadaskert
  219. Gyermekpszichiatriai Korhaz es Szakambulancia</span>; Beregszasz
  220. u.
  221. 145, Budapest, 1112 Hungary.
  222.                   <span style="font-family: garamond;"><br>
  223.                   <div style="margin-left: 40px;">
  224.                   <div align="justify"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">OBJECTIVE</span><span style="font-style: italic;">:
  225. The purpose of our study was to investigate possible reasons of
  226. diagnosing comorbidity in child psychiatric disorders, with special
  227. attention to the comorbidity of mania and attention
  228. deficit-hyperactivity syndrome (<span style="font-weight: bold;">ADHD</span>).</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
  229.                   <font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"> <span style="font-family: garamond;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">METHOD</span><span style="font-style: italic;">: Using a structured
  230. interview the </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=9881538&amp;dopt=Abstract" style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: garamond; font-weight: bold;">Neuropsychiatric
  231. Interview Kid (M.I.N.I. Kid</span></a><span style="font-family: garamond; font-style: italic;">, </span>we
  232. examined 112
  233. consecutive admitted
  234. children aged under
  235. 18 in the Vadaskert <span style="font-weight: bold;">Children's
  236. Psychiatric Hospital</span>. For all children,
  237. best-estimated diagnoses were made by an independent child-psychiatrist
  238. as well, who was blind to the diagnoses of the <span style="font-weight: bold;">M.I.N.I. Kid</span>. Six
  239. children were diagnosed as having pervasive developmental disorder by
  240. the independent clinician, their data were excluded. In this way the
  241. data of 106 children were included in the statistical analysis.</font></font><br>
  242.                   <font face="Garamond"><font face="Garamond"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">RESULTS</span>:
  243. Comorbidity: Based on the <span style="font-weight: bold;">M.I.N.I.
  244. Kid</span> test comorbid diagnoses
  245. were found in <span style="font-weight: bold;">74.53%</span>
  246. of the
  247. children and <span style="font-weight: bold;">51.90%</span>
  248. of the
  249. children with
  250. comorbid diagnoses had three or more concomitant diagnoses. The maximum
  251. number of diagnoses obtained concomitantly by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">M.I.N.I. Kid</span> was 9.
  252. The <span style="font-weight: bold;">M.I.N.I. Kid</span>
  253. produced <span style="font-weight: bold;">2.58</span>
  254. diagnoses for one child on
  255. average. The
  256. independent child-psychiatrist found comorbid diagnoses in 25.47% of
  257. the children. The maximum number of diag<font face="Mistral">noses
  258. made
  259. by the independent
  260. child-psychiatrist for 1 child was 2. The independent
  261. child-psychiatrist established 1.25 diagnoses for one child on average.
  262. Manic/hypomanic episode: </font><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"><font face="Mistral">Based
  263. on
  264. the
  265. M.I.N.I. </font>Kid manic episode was
  266. diagnosed in 14.15% of the children and hypomanic episode in 6,60% of
  267. them, while the independent psychiatrist did not diagnose these
  268. conditions in any of the children</span>. 99.33% of the children
  269. with
  270. manic
  271. episode were diagnosed together with ADHD by the M.I.N.I. Kid. In
  272. 57.14% of those cases, where the M.I.N.I. Kid diagnosed a hypomanic
  273. episode, it found an ADHD at the same time. The independent
  274. psychiatrist found ADHD in 73.33% of the children with the diagnoses of
  275. manic episode and in 57.14% of the children with hypomanic episode
  276. determined by the M.I.N.I. Kid.</font></font><br>
  277.                   </div>
  278.                   <font face="Garamond"><span style="font-weight: bold;">CONCLUSIONS</span>:
  279. The
  280. considerable
  281. differences found in the number of diagnoses made by using the M.I.N.I.
  282. Kid and by the independent child psychiatrist may indicate the possible
  283.                   <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">over-sensitivity
  284. of structured interviews and the characteristics of
  285. diagnostic systems</span>: several disorders have overlapping
  286. symptoms,
  287. making
  288. the differential diagnoses difficult. PMID: 16462006 [<span style="font-weight: bold;">PubMed</span> - indexed
  289. for <span style="font-weight: bold;">MEDLINE</span>] <br>
  290.                   </font> <span style="font-family: garamond;"><font face="Garamond"><span style="font-style: italic;">Publication
  291. Types</span>: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16462006&amp;query_hl=1&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">English
  292. Abstract</span></a></font><br>
  293.                   </span></div>
  294.                   </span></font></font></font></font></div>
  295.                   </td>
  296.                 </tr>
  297.                 <tr>
  298.                   <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <br>
  299.                   <font face="Garamond">A
  300. Front Group
  301. for the Psycho-Pharmaceutical Industrial Complex</font><font face="Garamond"><br style="font-family: garamond;">
  302.                   </font> <br>
  303.                   <font style="font-style: italic; font-family: garamond;" face="Garamond"><u>U</u>pdated:
  304. January
  305. 1, 2006 3:35 PM EST <i><a href="http://www.psychsearch.net/teenscreen.html"><b>TeenScreen</b></a>
  306. is a very controversial so-called <span style="font-weight: bold;">'diagnostic
  307. psychiatric service</span>' aka
  308. suicide survey; done on children who are then referred to psychiatric
  309. treatment. The evidence suggests that the objective of the
  310. psychiatrists who designed TeenScreen is to place children so selected
  311. on <a href="http://www.psychsearch.net/teenscreen_psychotropic_medication.htm" style="font-weight: bold;">psychotropic
  312. drugs</a>. </i></font><i><br>
  313.                   </i>
  314.                   <div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i><font style="font-family: mistral;" size="+2">It's just a
  315. way to
  316. put more people on prescription drugs</font>, </i><br>
  317.                   </div>
  318.                   <div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><i><font face="Garamond">said <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/authors/10553" style="font-weight: bold;">Marcia
  319. Angell</a>, a medical ethics lecturer at <a href="http://hms.harvard.edu/" style="font-weight: bold;">Harvard
  320. Medical School</a> and author
  321. of The
  322. Truth About Drug
  323. Companies</font>.
  324. She said such programs will boost the sale of antidepressants even
  325. after the FDA in September ordered a '<a href="http://www.psychsearch.net/teenscreen.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">black
  326. box</span></a>' label warning that the
  327. pills might spur suicidal thoughts or actions in minors. (The <a href="http://www.nypost.com/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">New
  328. York
  329. Post</span></a>, December 5, 2004)</i><br>
  330.                   <i> </i></div>
  331.                   <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div>
  332.                   <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
  333.                   <div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><i><a href:="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqu5RtDh9sw"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sydenham Chorea</span> in
  334. 10 year old boy</a> <font face="Garamond"><a href="http://patients.uptodate.com/topic.asp?file=ped_neur/7933"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sydenham
  335. chorea (SC)</span></a>, a major manifestation of <a href="http://www.faqs.org/health/Sick-V4/Rheumatic-Fever.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">rheumatic fever (RF)</span></a>,
  336. is thought to occur when antibodies directed against group A <a href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/sydenham/sydenham.htm" style="font-weight: bold;">streptococcus (GAS)</a>
  337. cross-react with
  338. epitopes on neurons of the basal
  339. ganglia. In earlier work with SC, Swedo and colleagues identified
  340. children who, in addition to chorea, presented with
  341. obsessive-compulsive behavior. <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">A
  342. precipitous onset
  343. of childhood </span><a href="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml"><span style="font-weight: bold;">obsessive-compulsive disorder
  344. (OCD)</span></a>
  345. after <a href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225243-overview" style="font-weight: bold;">streptococcal pharyngitis</a>
  346. was
  347. subsequently described that shared many
  348. similarities to SC but did not have <span style="font-weight: bold;">chorea</span>
  349. or clinical signs of RF such
  350. as <span style="font-weight: bold;">arthritis</span>
  351. and <span style="font-weight: bold;">carditis</span>. <a href="http://search.medscape.com/all-search?queryText=swedo" style="font-weight: bold;">Swedo and colleagues</a>
  352. termed this
  353. subtype of
  354. childhood-onset OCD, <a href="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/pandas/index.shtml"><i style="font-weight: bold;">pediatric autoimmune
  355. neuropsychiatric disorders</i></a><i style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">
  356. associated with
  357. streptococcal infections</i><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://intramural.nimh.nih.gov/pdn/web.htm">(PANDAS)</a></span>.
  358. Both
  359. pathogen- and host-related
  360. factors appear to influence the risk of acquiring RF, with only 2% to
  361. 3% of untreated individuals infected by GAS developing RF.
  362. Susceptibility to RF is influenced by age, GAS serotypes, family
  363. history, and environmental conditions. Children between the ages of 5
  364. and 14 years show the highest rate of this complication. The
  365. observation that RF is more prevalent among relatives of the probands
  366. than unrelated controls supports the hypothesis that susceptibility to
  367. RF is, in part, genetically determined. Environmental influences, such
  368. as crowded living conditions, may contribute to the risk of developing
  369. RF. Pathogen-mediated factors play a role as well, with specific <a href="http://search.medscape.com/all-search?queryText=GAS%20serotypes" style="font-weight: bold;">GAS
  370. serotypes</a> conferring increased susceptibility to RF, although
  371. genome-based analyses of GAS should lead to identification of more
  372. specific virulence factors. In the absence of carditis and arthritis,
  373. the diagnosis of SC is frequently a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion" style="font-weight: bold;">diagnosis of exclusion</a>.
  374. Elevated
  375. streptococcal titers at the time of presentation suggest but do not
  376. prove a causative role. Similarly, the association of streptococcal
  377. illness with children presenting with <span style="font-weight: bold;">PANDAS</span>
  378. may occur coincidentally.
  379. Advances in identification of reliable clinical and/or biological
  380. markers of these disorders could further our understanding of
  381. pathophysiology and lead to increased specificity in diagnosis and
  382. treatment.</font></i><br>
  383.                   </div>
  384.                   <i><font face="Garamond"> </font> <br>
  385.                   <font style="font-weight: bold;" color="#993300" face="Garamond"><a href="http://www.aacap.org/">Acad
  386. Child
  387. Adolesc
  388. Psychiatry</a>,<span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"> 41:1,98-100
  389. January
  390. 2002</span></font><span class="unnamed1"><font color="#663300" face="garamond"><i> <a href="https://books.google.it/books?id=IOcVXFYVNE0C&amp;pg=PA97&amp;lpg=PA97&amp;dq=TanyaMurphy%3C/a%3E&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=fl1uQgLrl3&amp;sig=3zfdKmoOidbQx6l0bqaPSev5NhI&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjT3fWBtanTAhVLPxQKHVMYCu8Q6AEIRTAE#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" style="font-weight: bold;">Tanya
  391. Murphy</a>, M.D., and </i></font><i><a href="http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/wayne-k-goodman-md-renowned-expert-on-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-joins-mount-sinai-as-chair-of-psychiatry" style="font-weight: bold;">Wayne Goodman M.D</a>,</i></span><br>
  392.                   </i></td>
  393.                 </tr>
  394.                 <tr>
  395.                   <td style="vertical-align: top;">
  396.                   <blockquote><br>
  397.                     <font face="Garamond"><i><b><a href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/495332?src=search">Dec.
  398. 6, 2004 =97 Iron deficiency</a></b></i><i> may
  399. contribute to the physiopathology of attention deficit-hyperactivity
  400. disorder
  401. (ADHD) in children, according to the results of a controlled group
  402.  
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